Similarly, resistance to antimicrobial agents can be gained repeatedly through lateral transfer of resistance genes that are pre-existing in the population (Enright et al. 2002).
The size of the supergenome is unknown but can be estimated from the number of families that have been gained multiple times: obviously, with a vast supergenome, the chance to draw the same family again is effectively nil, whereas with a supergenome only slightly exceeding the typical genome size of a given group, many families will be gained repeatedly.
The community group Save Albert Park, which wants the race moved from the leafy environs of South Melbourne, has gained traction, repeatedly questioning the amount of taxpayers' money handed to the F1 curtain-raiser.
In such cases, a e − 1 e -factor approximation solution can be obtained by picking the item with the maximum marginal gain repeatedly [17].
Kempe et al. (ACM SIGKDD Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining, pp. 137 146, 2003) showed that the standard greedy algorithm, which selects the node with the maximum marginal gain repeatedly, brings a e − 1 e -factor approximation solution to this problem.
The initial results from TIMSS suggest that Sweden has since pulled itself up to slightly above the international average.Although Japanese children have repeatedly gained high overall marks in maths tests, some studies have suggested that they are not as advanced in other things, such as analysing data, as they are in basic arithmetic.
Then they groaned as Germany repeatedly gained possession.
The Armenian Kingdom between the Black Sea and Caspian Sea became a focus of contention between Rome and the Parthian Empire, and control of the region was repeatedly gained and lost.
Although once used as a systematic character to unite all "fish with whiskers" (e.g., the Barbini), barbels are now thought to be phylogenetically unreliable, having been gained or lost repeatedly in many genera, including Danio [25], [26], [27], [28], [29].
In contrast, we would expect fragments transferred through phage or MGE to be repeatedly gained and lost.
The methicillin resistance determinant mecA, which was gained and lost repeatedly over the evolutionary history of CC398 (Fig. 3 and Table 1), particularly in the livestock-associated clade, is also carried on an MGE the staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec element.
