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Furthermore, gained horizontal and vertical bone height and the influence of incision technique, location, and reason of bone defect on dehiscence rate and augmentation success were evaluated.
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Significant re-stimulation could be gained from horizontal hydraulic fracturing (Schneider et al. 2007), but studies on mechanism and numerical simulation of horizontal fractures are rarely founded in the literature to our knowledge.
This pathogen shows a very strong geographic adaptation and is known for harboring up to 45% strain specific genes with most of them gained through horizontal gene transfers [7], [15].
PARP proteins are far less prevalent in bacteria and were probably gained through horizontal gene transfer.
The aberrant sequences could be divergent paralogs or genes gained through horizontal gene transfer, and we cannot even rule out contamination as their source.
If a biopsy is required, the most information is gained from horizontal sectioning of the tissue and calculation of the terminal to vellus hair ratio.
Based on an analysis of the wine yeast EC1118 sequence, Novo et al.[ 13] showed that three loci widely conserved in wine strains had been gained by horizontal transfer events from non Saccharomyces yeast [ 14].
We suggest that CRISPR/Cas represents an additional line of defense directed against bacteriophage attacks that can be gained by horizontal gene transfer and seems to be effective only for a subset of strains of genus Listeria.
For a microbial species, some essential cellular functions are maintained via vertical gene transfer, some beneficial ones are gained via horizontal gene transfer or evolutionary innovation, and some dispensable ones are lost in order to maintain a compact genome.
The decision to neglect these small additional DNA fragments was taken since there is insufficient knowledge about the genes encoded on them and to avoid possible bias favoring genomes with plasmids enriched of genes possibly gained by horizontal gene transfer compared to strains without one [ 33].
Recently, it was confirmed that S. thermophilum IAM 14863 is a member of the Firmicutes [ 43], and our analysis agrees with that study and suggests that its Actinobacteria-like high GC content is a result of an additional copy of dnaE2, possibly gained through horizontal gene transfer (HGT).
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