This result is consistent with the assumption that knowledge gained in artificial grammar learning can be partly consciously identified, even when explicit instructions are missing (e.g., De Jong, 2005; Pothos, 2007; Van den Bos & Poletiek, 2010).
Yet when our researchers looked at all pupils reaching the expected standard for a 14-year-old in the end-of-primary English and maths tests, they found that only 40% of able free-school-meal pupils gained admission to grammars, compared with 66% of other pupils.
He attended grammar school and gained an Oxford scholarship, but this was thwarted by his national service in 1942.
After attending West Ham grammar school, Simmons gained a law degree from the London School of Economics, where his course was interrupted by wartime army service.
It was the bright, ambitious boys in such classes who gained the most from their grammar school training, even if like Shakespeare and Jonson they were unable to proceed to a university education at Oxford or Cambridge.
Statistically, very few of the manual working class gained a place in a grammar school and many of those who did often felt alienated, ended up in the lower streams and left early.
For instance, Tseng (2006) investigates language gain in grammar, listening, and reading by second year non-native students of Chinese in the study abroad and domestic programs.
He attended Queen Mary's grammar school, Walsall, then gained an open scholarship to Jesus College, Cambridge, in 1957.
The language of these writings, as modified and codified by Martin Hattala in his grammar of 1852, rapidly gained approval and was accepted as standard.
