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Typically fusion assays were set up by mixing 5 µl of v-SNARE liposome with 45 µl of t-SNARE liposome directly in a well of a 96 well microtitre plate, on ice.
Moreover, while cell cell fusion assays do not correlate with our electrophysiological data or with the stimulatory function of complexins in release, these assays were crucial to establish the functional interplay between complexins and synaptotagmin-1 (Giraudo et al., 2006) and did provide support for the insertion model (Giraudo et al., 2009).
These methods can be tailored for different virus fusion assays.
To understand how these bivalent ligands may interact with the heterodimer, biological studies including calcium mobilization inhibition, binding affinity, HIV-1 invasion, and cell fusion assays were applied.
Thus, fluorescent lipid probes provide a broad repertoire of fusion assays and powerful tools to produce precise, quantitative data in real time required for the elucidation of the complex process of viral fusion.
Unfortunately, it appears that the ATL activity in the in vitro fusion assays cannot be predicted based on its in vivo behavior.
Of the seven mutations that differentiate iMac239 from wild-type SIVmac239, a single change (D178G) in the V1/V2 region was sufficient to confer CD4 independence in cell-cell fusion assays, although other mutations were required for replication competence.
Only two mutations in the 239-ST1.2-32 Env, K47E in the C1 domain and L328W in the V3 loop, were required for CXCR4 use in cell-cell fusion assays, although two other V3 changes, N316K and I324M, improved CXCR4 use in infection assays.
Cell-cell fusion assays were conducted as described previously [68].
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Additional experiments with La Crosse and Tahyna viruses (Orthobunyavirus genus) identified Gc as a fusion protein using chimeras, site-directed mutagenesis, and cell-cell-fusion assays [57], [58], [59].
Figure 5 summarizes the results from the DNA microarray and promoter-fusion assays performed in the presence of DctD250 and ChIP-chip in the absence of DctD250 to characterize the σ regulon of S. Typhimurium LT2.
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