Many of the abnormalities turn out to be harmless, but they can be nerve-racking and risky, since they require further tests that may include biopsies.
Furthermore, when the stress test is used for people who are at low risk for heart disease, an abnormal finding is most often a false positive that prompts further testing that is far more costly, Dr. Miller said.
The result led to further tests that showed Arizona Helen's white blood cells indicated she had the 'XY sex reversal.' "Arizona Helen is an equine hermaphrodite, one of about 12 'sex-reversed' female horses".
Some experts note that when something seemingly abnormal is picked up during a routine exam, the result is psychological distress for the patient, further testing that may do more harm than good, and increased medical expenses.
In Italy, the cost of reflex tests is predetermined on the basis of an approximate calculation of the number and type of further tests that could be executed.
Second, the researchers could not contact any of the 13 people for further testing that would verify they were indeed healthy, despite having the disease mutation.
However, in this section, we shall not attempt to defend that claim; rather, we shall simply describe some of the further tests that have been proposed, and make occasional comments upon them.
The benefits of avoiding management in true negative findings can be estimated by considering the risk of adverse events and costs associated with the treatment (or further testing) that would not result in any benefits for the patient.
Since we showed that rcsB overexpression resulted in CupD fimbrial assembly, we further tested phenotypes that are known to be associated with the expression of Cup fimbriae.
It was not further tested whether that role could be related to the induction or the execution phase of apoptosis.
