Finally, we report that the rescuing effect of Spd as observed towards paraquat and 1% H2O2 toxicity is absent upon challenge to a further stressor, starvation.
Further, the starvation resistance of reproductively active adults in terms of their survival time when given no food or water conditions did not differ among the three treatment groups (F2, 27 = 2.443, p = 0.106; Fig. 3b, c).
Apoptosis was induced either by further serum starvation or by incubation in the presence of CH-11 Ab (200 ng ml−1), 20 m M VP-16 (Sigma) or 100 n M dexamethasone (Sigma) with or without the addition of human PRL (20 200 ng ml−1, a gift of Dr Parlow, NHPP, UCLA, Torrance, CA, USA) for 2, 4, 6, and 24 h at 37°C.
More importantly, cotreatment of CQ (a lysosomotropic agent that prevents endosomal acidification and lysosomal enzymatic activity) further increased starvation-induced LC3-II expression, a hallmark of autophagy induction (also called LC3 flux; 18 compare lanes 4 versus 3 in Fig. 5A and lanes 8 versus 7 in Fig. 5B) in C/EBPα-expressing cells.
In Drosophila melanogaster it has been shown that curled, the homolog of Nocturnin, is induced by starvation further supporting a role for Nocturnin in fasting [29].
The root length of RNAi seedlings was not only decreased compared with WT, but also decreased still further under nitrogen starvation conditions compared with control nutrient-rich conditions.
Luckily, unlike S. pombe, S. japonicus cell pairs of opposite mating type readily mate without requiring further growth and starvation on PMA medium.
Looking at primary metabolism, we found that misregulation of bZIP63 expression has a strong effect, especially on amino acids, which was further enhanced under starvation conditions.
More interestingly, it clustered mistranslations at T90' with stronger stressors, namely sorbitol (1M) and amino acid starvation, further confirming that yeast cells integrated the gene mistranslation effects as a strong rather than as a weak stressor [ 46].
However, although the basal level of autophagy was enhanced with salubrinal, we observed that serum starvation further increased the number of positive cells and that this effect was absent in the presence of mibolerone.
