Even though the association between migraine and stroke appears to be independent of other cardiovascular risk factors [32], the presence of some risk factors, such as smoking and/or COCs use or their combination, further increase risk [33].
Environmental exposures in utero can increase risks for both childhood and adult cancers; their interactions with genetic and nutritional susceptibility factors may further increase risk.
Adding household-level triggers for violence such as financial stress or alcohol abuse can further increase risk of IPV [ 14, 15].
The routine use of nephrotoxic drugs like gentamicin, and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs preoperatively can further increase risk of damage to the kidneys.
Although it is frequently metastatic at diagnosis and may be associated with VTE on that basis alone, it has been suggested that an unknown VTE risk factor inherent to pancreas cancer may further increase risk (Ogren et al, 2006).
There are many publications reporting associations between environmental exposures and modest changes in risk for asthma in young children, and this review highlights the complex interactions between exposures that further increase risk.
Various studies indicated that natural menopause was associated with increased central adiposity [ 48], blood pressure [ 49- 55], total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol and triglyceride levels [ 50, 56], which would further increase risk of MetS during the menopause transition years.
In humans, caffeine intake above 540 mg/day during pregnancy is associated with decreased weight and fetal growth, and combining caffeine intake with smoking and alcohol consumption may further increase risk [ 16, 17].
