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As these seeds grow further, grains merge together, carbon is extruded outside MgB2 phases, and a small amount of remaining carbon causes lots of defects.
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After impingement of abnormal grains, little further grain growth occurred, indicating stagnant grain growth behavior.
The strengthening peaks in the vicinity of 30 nm, and further grain refinement leads to softening.
The mechanism for further grain refinement based on martensitic transformations is discussed.
Further grain coarsening resulted in a slight increase in uniform elongation both in uniaxial and biaxial tests.
Because of a shift in the dominant deformation mechanisms, the strength/hardness of metals increases with decreasing grain size down to a critical value, then decreases with further grain refinement.
Recovery occurs during annealing from 100 to 230 °C resulting in strain relaxation and grain coarsening, and recrystallization proceeds at higher temperatures up to about 370 °C with further grain growth.
Further grain size estimation reveals that the background samples (samples both in M46 and outside the oil-bearing formation in M36) contain coarser-grained magnetic particles (∼30 μm) of detrital origin.
At 500 °C, the resistance increases as both n-type and p-type defect doping reduces further which is no longer offset by surface cleaning and further grain sintering.
These nanosized crystalline MgB2 (<5 nm) seem to be seeds for further grain growth, and Figure 3a can be regarded as an early stage of MgB2 crystalline phase growth.
At this low substrate temperature (200 °C), some grains of the ZrO2 material grows amorphous nature, whereas Ag grain growth fairly formed crystalline nature and this formation inhibited further grain growth of ZrO2 in Ag ZrO2 composite coatings.
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