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Twelve states were found to contribute to pollution in states further downwind, but those include New York and Pennsylvania.
Dry deposition rates along the axis of highest concentrations are 10.1 kg N ha−1 yr−1 at the refuge boundary closest to the facility, decreasing to 5.4 kg N ha−1 yr−1 1.5 km further downwind and continuing to decrease non-linearly to a deposition rate of 1.4 kg N ha−1 yr−1 8–10 km downwind.
Comparison of HYSPLIT hindcasts of the ash deposition from the 8 August 2012 Te Maari eruption from Mt Tongariro showed that HYSPLIT would have accurately forecast the narrow ash plume observed about 12 km downwind of the vent, but there was apparently a discrepancy between the forecast and actual wind direction further downwind, that significantly altered where ash was deposited.
The region further downwind from this eruption was mountainous and virtually unpopulated until at least 80 km from Te Maari, and by then only trace amounts of volcanic ash were present, so all that could be said was that it was present or not present.
An increase in either tree size or its seed crop was sufficient to move more seeds further downwind of parents; but the seed shadow was largest and frequency of long-distance dispersal events was highest when these two traits were combined in large, high fecundity trees.
This result reflects the reality that, in moving further downwind of parent trees, not only does the likelihood of escaping lethal attacks to new and established seedlings increase, but as the seed shadow broadens, so does the total area of disturbed forest in a gap-like state available for seed arrivals [12], [62].
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Although the Fremont and First Street sites are downwind of the dominant flows, both are substantially farther downwind of sources than in the Idaho study.
Adding insult to injury, the Navy recently obtained a permit to burn more than 200 acres of vegetation on the contaminated island in order to reveal unexploded bombs and other ordnance, which it would then explode on site, further contaminating the island's residents who live downwind.
If you can hide downwind, you might be able to avoid any further encounter.
Further, the concept aims to avoid partial wake overlap on a downwind wind turbine and hence aims to decrease structural loads.
Further eruption events which occurred after February 2011 sent pumiceous lapilli several kilometers downwind, although the frequency and magnitude of eruption events gradually had decreased with time.
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