Strikingly, we found that the T162A mutant exhibited very low activity and was not further activated by serum starvation, whereas the T162E mutant showed high activity but was also not further activated (Fig. 7C and D).
The active IKK complex is further activated by ubiquitinated RIP1, which in turn leads to the activation of TGF-β-activated kinase 1 (Tand) and consequent phosphorylation of IKKα and IKKβ.
Although ALDH2 is constitutively active, it can be further activated by ischaemic preconditioning (due to εPKC-mediated phosphorylation) as well as by small molecule activators of this enzyme, Aldas.
For instance, Pozzi et al. demonstrated that retinoic acid (RA) induced epigenetic activation of CYP26A1 required the activity of RAR β2, which was further activated by functional RAR α in response to RA. Future researches investigating the coordinated network involving chains of signaling upstream of the epigenetic codes are essential to unveil the mystery of gene regulation.
The hydrothermal carbon composite is further activated by KOH, and graphene in the activated carbon composite demonstrates a positive effect of increasing specific surface area, pore volume and electrical conductivity, resulting in superior electrochemical performance.
Endogenous Src was active in both pools but was not further activated by ouabain, calling into question direct interaction of Src with native Na+/K+-ATPase.
TGF- β is further activated by cleavage of its binding protein, latent activating protein (LAP), by MMP-2 and MMP-9 (Yu and Stamenkovic 2000).
In contrast to K270A, we found that the E373Q (motif II) mutant displayed a significant and reproducible constitutive activity (Fig. 2) and could be further activated by both dsRNAs.
Our findings indicate that the γ3 R225W mutation increases basal AMPK activity, but results in a protein that can be further activated by AMP, unlike the latter γ2 mutations.
Similarly, no further activation of Akt and Stat3 were observed with EGF treatment, whereas Shc and Erk1/2 were further activated by EGF treatment.
HOIPR2-LDD cannot be further activated by Ube2D3, showing the importance for RING1-IBR in E2-dependent activity.
