However, many of these techniques remain in the fundamental research field, their industrial transfer being restricted by poor repeatability and user-dependent processes.
In the fundamental research field, magnetic nanoparticles (NPs) usually serve as ideal model systems, e.g., the Stoner-Wohlfarth [6, 7] and Néel-Brown model [8], or to study the finite-size effect [9].
This is Dr Alivisatos's particular province, and also that of the Kavli Foundation, which exists "to advance fundamental research in the fields of astrophysics, nanoscience, neuroscience and theoretical physics".
Construction of layer-by-layer (LbL) self-assembled multilayers is fundamental to various research fields.
Recently, multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs)/polymer conductive composites have received extensive considerable attentions in both fundamental and applied research fields.
Magnesium (Mg) and its alloys as biodegradable metallic materials have attracted fundamental research in the field of orthopedics and cardiovascular materials.
It is a valuable tool in fundamental research, biomedical and reproduction fields (Verma et al., 2011; Bendixen et al., 2013).
Nonlinear analysis is an important area in mathematical sciences, and has become a fundamental research tool in the field of contemporary mathematical analysis.
This leaves key management as a fundamental research topic in the field of WSNs security.
Then, we introduce the fundamental research challenges in this field including communication reliability and timeliness, QoS support, data management services, and autonomic behaviors.
