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"Enron is a profound shock to the system because the fundamental causes are pervasive in the economy".
Its fundamental causes are to be found in the ingrained conventions of Japanese culture: our reflexive obedience; our reluctance to question authority; our devotion to 'sticking with the program'; our groupism; and our insularity.
Fundamental causes are therefore metamechanisms or 'factors that put people at risk of risks'.
Ageing is a widespread biological process with a growing impact on medicine and society, but its fundamental causes are still to a large extent unknown.
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Underlying causes are the 'fundamental forces' that underpin the proximate causes, including demographic, economic, technological, institutional and cultural factors (Geist and Lambin 2002).
Obesity's fundamental cause is long-term energy imbalance — ingesting more calories than you spend over weeks, months and years.
A more fundamental cause is that businesses are not sure that the economy's current growth can be sustained or accelerated.
The fundamental cause is the drastic breakdown in private-sector demand brought on by the 2008 financial crisis that burst the debt-financed housing and spending boom preceding it.
But its more fundamental cause is the perception - apparently shared by the central bank - that Chinese banks and so-called shadow banks have lent far too much, too recklessly over the past five years, and that a reckoning may loom.
The fundamental cause is a lack of public trust in the ability of elected politicians to revive economic growth and employment, combined with pervasive skepticism about the honesty of many of those wielding power.
Adipose tissue is involved in the regulation of energy homeostasis, and whilst the aetiology of obesity is multifactorial the fundamental cause is energy imbalance.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com