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They can be used for testing which genetic and regulatory modifications can increase the production of metabolites of interest, while simultaneously monitoring other key functions of the host organism.
Recent studies have shown that the composition of the gut microbiota affects various physiological functions of the host, such as nutrient utilization, gut epithelium nourishment, and the development and activity of the gut immune system (Ismail et al. 2009 and Hill et al. 2010).
The gut microbiota is associated with many key functions of the host, such as resistance to infectious diseases and the decomposition of nutrients, and it provides the host with physiologically active materials, such as enzymes, amino acids and vitamins (Sugita et al. 1997).
The TTSS encoded in SPI-2 enables S. enterica to modify functions of the host cell, and thus is essential for the survival and replication of S. enterica inside host macrophages, which is vital for causing systemic infection [14].
CpIMPDH lacks the subdomain and, therefore, may be missing the moonlighting functions of the host enzyme.
For example, they can regulate immune responses and metabolic functions of the host [ 1– 4].
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AP functions as part of the host defense against inflammation in part through the detoxification of endotoxin and other bacterial products.
The amastigote stage of the parasite infects phagocytes and modulates the effector function of the host cells.
Surface-associated capsular polysaccharides (CPSs) protect bacteria against phage infection and enhance pathogenicity by interfering with the function of the host innate immune system.
Since in VL, cure is the combinatorial effect of drug and immune status of the host, the rationale approach towards antileishmanial chemotherapy would be to potentiate the immune functioning of the host to extract desired results.
The viral-induced imbalances in neuronal network functioning may precipitate or accentuate psychiatric conditions in vulnerable individuals, in part, as a function of the host response to proinflammatory cytokines resulting from infection or brain injury.
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