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In pancreatic β-cells, IRE1α also functions in the regulation of insulin biosynthesis.
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Although binding of NAMPT/PBEF/visfatin to the insulin receptor is debatable, its role in the regulation of insulin secretion in β cells is fairly well established [ 12]. eNAMPT is thought to be involved in the conversion of nicotinamide into nicotinamide mononucleotide in circulation, which then influences regulation of β-cell function [ 12].
It is essential in the regulation of insulin secretion and glucose homeostasis.
It is potentially involved in the regulation of insulin resistance and has many pro-inflammatory functions.
Although many transcription factors have been implicated in the regulation of insulin transcription, three β-cell-specific transcription regulators, namely, Pdx-1, neurogenic differentiation 1 (NeuroD1), and V-maf musculoaponeurotic fibrosarcoma oncogene homologue A (MafA), have been demonstrated to play a crucial role in insulin transcription regulation and pancreatic β-cell function.
Tilg, H. & Moschen, A.R. Inflammatory mechanisms in the regulation of insulin resistance.
Moreover, vascular function, specifically microvascular functions such as tissue perfusion, contributes to the regulation of insulin sensitivity [ 37].
One interesting candidate for the regulation of insulin secretory function is the serum and glucocorticoid inducible kinase SGK1, which is a ubiquitously expressed serine-threonine kinase in humans that is encoded by the gene SGK on chromosome 6q23.
Lipid droplets show a link with the regulation of insulin synthesis in human adipocytes.
MHCI associates with IRs in neurons and may affect synapse density through the regulation of insulin signaling, but the mechanism of regulation is unknown and may be determined by manipulating MHCI function in cortical neurons.
Herein we describe the regulation of insulin secretion and glucose metabolism in these new cell lines.
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