The BG have been implicated in motor control and cognitive switching tasks; in particular, it is believed that the BG function as a controller for motor tasks by selectively disinhibiting appropriate portions of the thalamus and hence activating, via a feedback loop, cortical regions.
The NS7 gives DJs the feel of a traditional turntable rig, while functioning as a controller for ITCH.
In conclusion, our findings suggest that PC1 may function as a controller of Ca2+ release in response to extracellular stimuli also through the NCCE pathway, thus regulating the Ca2+-mediated signal transduction involved in cell proliferation through the NFAT pathway.
The target of rapamycin (TOR) is a large (281 kDa) conserved Ser/Thr protein kinase that functions as a central controller of cell growth.
The mTOR is a member of serine/threonine protein kinase family that functions as a central controller of growth, proliferation, metabolism and angiogenesis, but its signaling is dysregulated in various human diseases especially in certain solid tumors including the glioblastoma.
The first sensory synapse at the spinal cord between DRG and dorsal horn (DH) neurons functions as a gain controller for painful inputs from the periphery.
It is increasingly apparent that mTOR signaling can affect most cellular functions as a central controller of cell growth (mass accumulation) and proliferation [ 48, 49].
Cytosolic protein aggregates have been reported to associate with the ER, raising the intriguing possibility that the ER functions as a central controller for the distribution of protein aggregates in the cell.
Due to the bifunctional roles in catabolic and anabolic metabolism, ACC functions as a bioenergetics controller to promote stem cell function and tissue regeneration to regulate lipid homeostasis (Folmes et al. 2013; Fullerton et al. 2013; Knobloch et al. 2013; Park et al. 2013).
Ang-2, on the contrary, functions as an autocrine controller of endothelial cells in a context- dependent manner promoting either blood vessel growth or regression depending on the levels of other growth factors, such as VEGF-A [ 16, 17].
As the outputs of the global controller are binary, this controller functions as a binary control.
