Comparing on-farm and off-farm management practices provides insight in the functional trade-offs associated with each management option and their respective potential to increase multifunctionality.
Tree responses to hurricanes partly depend on species attributes related to architecture and resource use strategy; however, few studies have used multiple traits to identify the role of functional trade-offs in tree resistance and resilience.
The observed pattern of the dependence of sub-strategy usage (Figure 4) on conditions is evidence for a functional trade-off balancing the relative costs of WM involvement (memory-intensive strategy) and locomotion behavior (acquisition-intensive strategy).
A generalist strategy provides the pathogen with more opportunities for transmission and survival, but it is predicted that evolution would favour specialism, because pathogen-host co-evolution could result in functional trade-offs that would limit the generalist fitness in any one host [1], [31] [34].
The relationship between these life histories defines a set of lineage-specific functional trade-offs and adaptive investments developed during environmental specialization.
These findings imply that different functional trade-offs can be related to ray and axial parenchyma individually and also that their link is affected by climate.
During competition promiscuous line males had greater mating success, but also reduced survivorship, relative to monogamous line males, suggesting a functional trade-off between the expression of sexual traits and viability.
Together these results are indicative of a negative correlation between seed germination and seedling establishment in low and high osmotic stress conditions, a necessary condition (criterion 1, above) for demonstrating a functional trade-off between adaptation to alternative resource environments.
Evolutionary life history (LH) theory generally assumes that allocation of energy among the competing demands of growth, development, reproduction and somatic maintenance lead to functional trade-offs among these processes.
We propose that the evolution of brain size is mediated by a functional trade-off between increased cognitive ability and reproductive performance and discuss the implications of these findings for vertebrate brain evolution.
Therefore the apparent functional trade-offs of PC1 and convergence of PC2 may be due to selection towards either a ram/rheophilic or benthic/epibenthic adaptive peak within the selective confines of structurally complex habitats.
