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For example, the university functional sphere has teaching, research, and social service functions as its unique functions; at the same time, it has 'shared functions' such as technology transfer, policymaking consulting, and spin-off startups.
The cores of functional sphere thus are overlapping (Figure 5). Figure 5 Triple helix internal core-external field model in functional sphere perspective.
The university and industry should be in the external field of government functional sphere.
Therefore, in the external field of government functional sphere, instead of running state-owned enterprises and public universities, the government should get involved in helping hybrid organization formation and creating triple helix knowledge, innovation, and consensus spaces (Etzkowitz 2008).
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Secondly, institutional and functional spheres are differentiated as separate concepts.
This study separates institutional spheres from functional spheres as different types of concepts.
We thus differentiate institutional and functional spheres to analyze a triple helix.
Using the cored model and differentiating institutional and functional spheres, we analyzed the Chinese triple helix according to four dimensions.
Transformation from a statist into an interactive triple helix model refers to the change in institutional and functional spheres.
The Chinese triple helix is thus shown more clearly based on this theoretical exploration, where cores of both institutional and functional spheres overlap.
In the end, we argue that China should resolve the problems existing both in the cores and field space of the institutional and functional spheres, that is, to separate the cores of the institutional spheres and strengthen the unique functions.
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