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DNA transfer among these compartments resulted in a functional relocation of organellar genes in the early phase of organelle evolution [ 13, 56- 60].
This process of DNA escape and integration has resulted in massive functional relocation to the nucleus of genes that once belonged to the prokaryotic ancestors of mitochondria and chloroplasts.
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The example we report is the first characterization of functional gene relocation within a euchromatic LCR.
Here we present a novel example showing functional gene relocation within a LCR.
After the characterization of these regions and their transcripts, we then describe a novel example of functional gene relocation through duplication and subsequent pseudogenization within a LCR (Fig. 1).
Simple DNA transposition and functional gene relocation from the extant organellar genomes have both been demonstrated experimentally (Thorsness and Fox 1990; Huang et al. 2003; Stegemann et al. 2003) and found to occur at previously unexpectedly high frequencies.
Moreover, silencing of duplicate genes can have an indirect effect on adaptive evolution by causing genomic relocation of functional genes.
The search for preventive methods to mitigate functional decline and unwanted relocation by older adults living in the community is important.
To better understand the structural and functional consequences of termini relocation in cpOYE variants, we selected representatives from each sector and examined them in a series of biophysical studies.
In spite of a huge number of relocations, the functional disintegration of the metabolic network remained marginal as whole operons were more likely to be relocated than single genes or their parts [ 39] either because the latter events would be eliminated from the population by the natural selection, or because of a higher occurrence of rearrangement recognition sites between genes and operons.
We assigned dung beetle species to functional groups based on food relocation, beetle size, daily activity period and food preferences, and as measures of functional diversity we used estimates based on multivariate methods.
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