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This indicates that CF group is most functional redundant among the three groups, which makes sense given the conserved functionality.
Global H3K27me3 levels were only increased in the triple elf6 ref6 jmutantutant, conforming that JMJ13, REF6, and ELF6 are functional redundant.
There are a number of ways in which functional redundant duplicates can be preserved [ 12, 13].
The amino acid identity between the three nodA products ranged from 72 to 78%, suggesting that they are not functional redundant copies.
In general, all aspects of the phenotype were produced by parallel, convergent and functional redundant evolution in roughly equal proportions (Fig. 4a).
However, taxa exhibiting functional redundant characteristics must still experience similar selection pressures in the same way as taxa that are found to have converged in phenotype as well.
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Previous studies in Arabidopsis demonstrated the functionality of MIR168a [ 25], but left open the possibility that MIR168b may be either non-functional or functionally redundant with respect to its paralog.
A theoretical model of genetic redundancy has proposed that the fates of redundant genes depend on the degree of functional redundancy, and that functionally redundant genes will not be inherited together.
Besides these models, the maintenance of functionally redundant copies (without functional divergence) could be adaptive under specific circumstances, either through dosage effect or as a means of genetic robustness against deleterious mutations [ 14- 16] and therefore also explain the fixation of duplications in species [ 11].
Functionally redundant characteristics—alternative phenotypes that achieve the same functional outcome also appeared less contingent.
The absence of TPC3 may point to functional redundancy, likely due to the development of other channels that may contribute equally well to its functional niche, thus rendering TPC3 redundant in a species-dependent manner.
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