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A mechanistic study revealed that oligonucleotides delivered by lipoplexes enter the cells partially by membrane fusion and this mechanism accounts for the functional induction of the target gene.
All receptor agonist reagents utilised were tested for functional induction of the target TLR and for endotoxin contamination by the manufacturer (InvivoGen, San Diego, CA, USA).
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To a great extent, the main reason for the lack of a successful synthetic three-dimensional bone tissue-engineering scaffolds is the inability for functional vascularization induction.
In comparing groups with and without trehalose-mediated HA stabilization of influenza vaccine, microneedle groups showed 6- to 9-fold differences in HAI and neutralizing titers (MN versus MN+T) whereas intramuscular groups showed approximately 2-fold differences in functional antibody induction (IM versus IM+T).
The factor(s) being free from complexing with nucleophosmin/B23 is then functional for induction of differentiation.
Stimulation of growth activity was inhibited or factor(s) being free from complexing with nucleophosmin/B23 is then functional for induction of differentiation.
31 Hepcidin may trigger functional iron deficiency upon induction by TNF-α, interleukin-6, and other inflammatory stimuli, 1 resulting in reduced intestinal iron uptake at the mucosal barrier, and iron retention in the reticulo-endothelial system via internalisation of the same exclusive cellular iron exporter ferroportin on both cell types.
Functional assays showed induction of a constitutive kinase activity in overexpressed and/or hyperphosphorylated ALK proteins, either mutated or wild type.
To correlate IRF3 activation with a functional antiviral response, induction of ISG56 was examined by western blot analysis, as this protein is induced rapidly and efficiently during an IRF3-dependent antiviral response [12], [43].
Modulation of the cytokines' production was, at least in the case of the clones, mostly functional with the induction of a rather peculiar phenotype where CCR4, CRTH2 and CCR5 expression coexisted (i.e., not typical of either Th1 or Th0 cells).
Hence, to demonstrate the autonomous role of CII in cell death induction, functional CII is required.
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