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Like other respiratory muscles, the external intercostal muscle seems to undergo a process of structural remodeling to adapt to a situation of functional disadvantage.
This suggests that their effects were mediated by variables within the domains of functional disadvantage and general oral health perceptions as predicted by the model of Wilson and Cleary [ 18].
The observed variables explained 71%9090% CI 62 80), 62%9090% CI 53 72) and 43% (34 55) of the variance in functional disadvantage, oral health perceptions and symptom status, respectively.
Functional disadvantage was measured broadly using the eight item Oral Impact on Daily Performance, OIDP, inventory (e.g. During the previous 6 months – how often have problems with your teeth and mouth caused you any difficulty with eating, speaking, cleaning teeth, smiling, sleeping, emotional balance, work and social contact) [ 13].
As a test of the construct validity of this model and in accordance with its propositions, it was hypothesized that the responses to thirteen oral health outcome variables (observed indicator variables) could be explained by three correlated factors (latent variables) in terms of symptom status, functional disadvantage and general oral health perceptions.
Overall, the present results based on confirmatory factor analysis lend support to the construct validity of Wilson and Cleary's conceptual framework as applied to older Tanzanian adults, suggesting that responses to oral health outcomes might be explained by three conceptual domains; symptom status, functional disadvantage and general oral health perceptions.
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Background: Child undernutrition, commonly measured by growth failure, is associated with functional disadvantages later in life.
Main problems are e.g.: the destruction of the complexity of urban fabric, functional disadvantages, environmental and landscape threats.
As an ultrasonic transduction material, AlN has functional disadvantages, particularly a high acoustic velocity and weak electromechanical transduction.
We therefore conclude that the triceps reflecting apporach to operatively treat distal intraarticular humerus fractures does not lead to functional disadvantages.
"Differences in brain size between males and females should not be interpreted as implying any sort of functional advantage or disadvantage," the N.I.M.H. paper concludes.
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