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The complete adjoint system is derived with a Lagrangian multiplier approach allowing to write a cost functional directly based on the turbulence kinetic energy.
Compared with the existing literature which solved the problem by the B-spline finite element method, the essence of the proposed variational-difference numerical method lies in minimizing the functional directly by finite difference method and/or numerical quadratures rather than in approximating the solution of the corresponding Euler Lagrange equation to the functional.
In the future work, as we have manage to minimize the energy functional directly, we will try to introduce a group symmetry approach directly into the variational problem, similarly as it was done in the geometric PDE approach [12].
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In the first model, we discuss two distinct approaches, with one aimed at estimating the functionals directly, and the other aimed at reconstructing the sorted probability vector.
Plant functional traits directly affect ecosystem functions.
These functional studies directly proved the function of ST3 as first suggested based on expression analyses.
This deterioration of anatomical structures causes functional changes directly related to respiratory function.
Higher self-efficacy scores in pain and functional activities directly correlate with less pain and greater function, respectively [ 69].
However, whether or not decreased levels of functional M6P/IGF2R directly contribute to the process of carcinogenesis needs to be further verified by functional studies.
With modern measurement techniques it has become possible to extract unknown functional dependencies directly from the data.
Modern high-resolution measurement techniques offer the possibility to determine unknown functional dependencies directly from the data.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com