For volumetric and functional imaging, breath hold standard cine steady-state free precession sequences in short-axis 4-chamber view and LV vertical long-axis orientation were acquired covering the whole heart gapless from the apex to the base with a temporal resolution of 46 ms.
For volumetric and functional imaging, breath-hold standard cine steady-state free-precession sequences in short-axis, 4-chamber view and RV vertical long-axis orientation were acquired.
This hypothesis was verified by DCS measurements during two global functional tasks, breath-holding and hyperventilation, which were also cross-correlated with concurrent TCD measurements.
In recent years, sugarless gums have increasingly been marketed for functional benefits, like freshening breath, whitening teeth and strengthening teeth, with some brands even winning approval to carry the American Dental Association seal and a statement that chewing sugarless gum after eating helps reduce cavities.
There was no significant difference in single breath counting, functional exercise capacity or recovery times following ISWT (Table 2).
We evaluated a recently introduced volumetric sequence (i.e. 3D k-t BLAST) allowing single breath-hold functional assessment of the left ventricle.
Subjects inhaled single breaths (from Functional Residual Capacity (FRC) to total lung capacity (TLC)) of capsaicin aerosol from a compressed air-driven nebulizer (model 646, Technipro, North Parramatta, Australia) controlled by a dosimeter (KoKo Digidoser 323200; Technipro Marketing Pty Ltd., Sydney, New South Wales, Australia).
It may be necessary to measure the vascular reactivity, using, for example, a short breath-hold functional MRI task to observe the response to mild hypercarbia to prove that the lack of activation in stroke patients is not just due to a lack of neurovascular decoupling (Murphy et al., 2011).
Compared with systole, diastolic areas measured in 2D cine images are larger, especially towards the cardiac apex and base, which causes 2D RVEDV to be higher than 3D with bias of 15.1 ± 8.5 mL, as shown in Table 1. Figure 7 shows the scatter plots and Bland-Altman plots comparing RV functional parameters obtained with breath-hold 2D and self-gated 3D cine imaging.
It was quite remarkable that anyone could take the outer movements of the Beethoven and the Chopin at such a clip and still be clear, musically functional and never out of breath.
