The resulting framework, 'complex adaptive landscapes' (CAL), explicitly captures the reciprocal feedbacks and non-linear nature of interactions between components within and between system levels, and the consequent possibility of multiple functional states (alternate systems functioning).
However, these methods solving the M-S functional involve alternating optimization [21, 22] of the reconstruction function and the contour.
Previous metabolic analysis of the model pathogen Salmonella [ 5], which displays greater variability of its metabolic pathways during intracellular growth, revealed alternate functional pathways that are operational during infection.
We considered the possibility that the PurO-like protein might be non-functional or have an alternate function in T. kodakaraensis and T. gammatolerans, as the absence of PurO in closest neighbors might suggest that some unidentified IMP cyclohydrolase is functioning in this role instead.
The loss of energy due to breakage of native contacts is compensated by non-native transient hydrogen bonds during the transition thereby 'holding on' to the energy until the new native contacts form that define the alternate functional state.
They can exist in two developmental states, immature (iDC) and mature (mDC), with alternate functional characteristics in each state.
Collectively this demonstrates a broad regulatory context provided by contiguous transcriptional macro-regions for the functional organisation and alternate expression of genes across the metabolic switch.
This work seeks to refine, not define, orthologous groupings of genes by arranging them into subsets where the differing functional properties of alternate transcripts are accounted for.
Finally, multiple model specifications with alternate functional form and additional control covariates resulted in similar findings as our primary analysis (see web-only table A.5).
After arriving at the final model, alternate functional forms for incorporation of the effect of apixaban daily AUCss were tested; these included the log AUCss, the restricted cubic spline of AUCss, and the second-order polynomial transformation of AUCss.
