A radial basis function surrogate model (response surface) is used to select candidates for integer and continuous decision variable points at which the computationally expensive objective and constraint functions are to be evaluated.
Even though these techniques have been shown to work well for test bench functions, we found them not offering a considerable improvement compared to an individually used cubic radial basis function surrogate model.
We measured the provocative dose of methacholine producing a 20% fall in FEV1 (methacholine PD20) as the primary outcome, with secondary outcomes being lung function, surrogate inflammatory markers, diary card responses, quality of life, and safety.
This approach assumes that downscaled GCM simulations can function as surrogates for the corresponding actual values (represented by observations or reanalysis fields), which implies a kind of stochastic equivalence.
Therefore, the most practical way would be to run simulations for a few selected 'scenarios', which function as surrogates for the entire agricultural area.
They also must impress their rank-and-file supporters who, with little or no understanding of science, function as surrogates who do the initial groundwork of cultivating school boards and state legislators for oncoming creationist policy initiatives.
Ehrenfels here chooses the Meinongian terminology, speaking of indirect or founded contents (see his notes on 292 ff)., but also follows Brentano's approach when remarking on the power of signs to function as surrogates for presentations (Ehrenfels 1891, 296).
Until these collaborative studies are performed, we need to rely on markers of vascular function as surrogates for atherosclerotic events.
Based on these objective function values, surrogate models were constructed to approximate the objective functions.
But even more valuable than the formal networks, expatriates say, are the loose circles of friends that function like surrogate families.
