Novel heuristics are derived with respect to the accelerator function scheduling.
Participants: Nine patients with normal renal function, scheduled for elective primary coronary artery bypass graft surgery.
Methods Forty-four nondiabetic patients with normal left ventricular function, scheduled for elective CABG, were randomized to either a control group (n = 21) receiving standard care or to a clamp GIK group (n = 23) receiving a perioperative hyperinsulinemic (0.1 IU kg−1 h−1 insulin) normoglycemic (plasma glucose between 3.0 and 6.0 mmol L−1) clamp during 26 h.
First, in the benchmark case, no buyer group emerges and the seller, by setting a supply-function schedule, achieves the best outcome.
Since the seller is better off without a buyer group, that is, when all transactions take place according to a supply- and demand-function schedule, a buyer group would never emerge if the seller could avoid utilizing a KAM strategy.
The seller, in turn, when deciding on the quantity of product to place on the market, anticipates the monopsonistic behavior of the buyer group and adapts its supply-function schedule ( S p) ) accordingly.
At the same time, in dealing with grouped and independent customers through a supply-function schedule, the seller faces reduced demand as well as reduced profits when group members are charged the same price as non-members.
Furthermore, although ex-post it is in the seller's interest to implement a KAM deal with the buyer group, this never allows the seller to achieve profits as large as when a supply-function schedule is applied to all buyers in the absence of a group.
To that end, we model a market with a given number of identical customers, some of whom decide to form a buyer group (a coalition) to aggregate orders, behave strategically, and confront their aggregate demand with the seller's supply-function schedule.
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