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Absenteeism and the proportion of hours lost due to own illness or disability were modelled as a function of trend, seasonality and proxy variables for influenza activity from 1998 to 2009.
We modeled the predictors as smooth cubic spline functions given 3 degrees of freedom (df) each, with exception for the smooth function of trend that was allowed 6 df.
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We modeled each of four PCA factors as a function of trends in population density, current temperature, and trends in temperature and precipitation.
Thus, D temp =lags of monthly mean temperature D rain =lags of monthly mean rainfall D AR =lags of auto-regression (DF cases) D trend =a function of time trend (year) offset(log pop))=the DF denominator adjustment of mid-year population.
We tested the sensitivity of the df of the smooth function of time trend by allowing for different df (i.e. 2, 3, 4, 6 and 8).
Statistical analyses showed a significant growing incidence of luminal B in function of age (trend test: p = 0.0004 and p < 0.0001 for whole cohort and Caucasian cohort, respectively).
Specifically, we estimated time-varying associations of the pollutants by modeling the effect estimate as a smooth function of time trend βpoll = fpoll(t).
Trend and seasonality pattern in collected data were identified by using time series plot of dengue cases and to be controlled as an unmeasured confounders by the smooth function of time trend.
In the final confounder models [see Supplemental Material, Table 1 (http://www.ehponline.org/members/2008/11711/suppl.pdf)], we readjusted the number of degrees of freedom (df) for the smooth function of time trend, because many of the meteorologic variables exhibit seasonal patterns themselves and hence capture part of the observed seasonal trends in the outcome (Touloumi et al. 2004).
These results are primarily the function of two trends: the fall in federal tax rates and the rise of state and local taxes that are not income-based such as sales taxes.
Sensitivity to the effect estimates the flexibility of the smooth function of time trends was further tested using df of 8, 10, 15, and 20.
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