On the left side of the relationship, when the heart is functioning on the flat part of the venous return curve, increasing cardiac function - including increasing the heart rate - does not increase cardiac output.
If the heart is functioning on the flat part of the curve, venous return cannot increase nor does the cardiac filling pressure increase relative to atmosphere.
In patients with significant spontaneous breathing activity, the respiratory changes in right atrial pressure have been proposed to differentiate patients whose hearts are functioning on the flat part of the cardiac function curve from those who still have volume reserves and are on the ascending part of the curve [ 18, 19].
When the heart is functioning on the flat nonvolume-responsive part of the cardiac function curve, a fall in cardiac filling is less marked.
Since all state variables and control inputs of the doubly-fed induction generator can be written as functions of the flat output and of the associated derivatives it can be proven that the DFIG model is differentially flat.
More precisely, we show that a full-rank n-dimensional Euclidean lattice Λ, all layers of which hold a spherical 2-design, realises a stationary point for the height h, which is defined as the first derivative at the point 0 of the spectral zeta function of the associated flat torus ζ(Rn/Λ).
Lateral and depth profiles, inclusive of three-dimensional imaging, of the molecular orientation were measured as a function of thickness of the flat plate and injection speed.
The first approach is based on a fundamental property of flat systems which states that the state of the system can be written as a function of the so-called flat outputs and their derivatives up to some order.
But it could also point to compositional elements within the painting, to the function of flat pictorial elements that play off other flat planes or curvilinear motifs.
