Drug-induced cardiotoxicity can affect all components and functions of the cardiovascular system, either directly or indirectly, and can be functional and or structural (morphological) in nature, as previously defined by Laverty et al.9.
The adenosine A1 and A2A receptors belong to the purinergic family of G protein-coupled receptors, and regulate diverse functions of the cardiovascular, respiratory, renal, inflammation, and CNS.
Because vertebrate smooth muscle is located in the walls of many hollow organs, the normal functioning of the cardiovascular, respiratory, gastrointestinal, and reproductive systems depends on the constrictive capabilities of smooth muscle cells.
But since the health concerns first emerged, scientists have gained more understanding of the role of nitrate and nitrite in human health and have discovered the preservatives also have benefits, for example, in the healthy functioning of the cardiovascular and immune systems.
To assess the functioning of the cardiovascular system in both normal and impaired conditions, it is important to reliably characterize the dynamic interactions between physiological signals involved in its regulation, i.e., heart period, arterial pressure and respiration.
