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The transfer function of spindle velocity controller is constructed by reading the control law parameters and measuring the Frequency Response Function (FRF) of the system automatically using an external computer communicating with the CNC in real time.
For pole to pole distance measurements, tubulin fluorescence intensities were measured from one end of the cell to the other end along the spindle axis using ImageJ, and when plotted as a function of spindle position, the tubulin intensity gave two peaks corresponding to the spindle poles (Fig. S3) [33].
This asymmetric localization of Kar9 is essential for proper function of spindle migration.
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The discrepancy of the findings may be related to different ecological pressures on the two species, different function of spindles in each species (i.e., B. asbestinum lacks a central axis) or may depict difference responses constrained by their separate phylogenetic history.
For the other two genes, uba4 and she1, strong evidence exists that they have a direct role in the proper functioning of spindle migration and chromosome segregation.
In light of our new findings that TPX2 fully activates dephosphorylated Aurora A, the previous in vivo experiments can be re-interpreted as kinase-activity dependent functions of spindle-microtubule associated Aurora A, and not a kinase-independent function (Toya et al., 2011).
Aurora B kinase, which is a chromosome passenger protein localized in the centromeres during early mitosis and then at the spindle midzone after anaphase, is essential for chromosome biorientation, function of the spindle assembly checkpoint, and cytokinesis [ 15].
Localization of wild-type WDR73 to the mitotic spindle, where it interacts with tubulin subunits, raises important questions about how WDR73 influences the function of the spindle and centrosome.
The transfer function of the spindle structure between the cutting forces acting on the tool tip and the measured forces at the spindle housing are identified.
The asymmetric cross sections of the helical end mills cause the variation of FRF as a function of the spindle's angular position.
Paclitaxel is known to impair the function of mitotic spindle apparatus by interfering with the breakdown of microtubules and induces MN [31], [32].
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