This hypothesis is supported by the increased toxicity in lrrk NS flies when atg7 function is removed.
In this paper, this problem is removed by using a saturation function with a high slope, as an approximation of the signum function.
This difficulty is removed by incorporating the factor r into the weight function which is introduced naturally by using Jacobi polynomials Pk with α="0 and β= 1,2.
Most of the protein coding genes in plants and animals are in general under purifying selection indicating that these genes may have central functions and nonsynonymous mutations affecting their function have been removed by purifying selection [ 39].
The result indicated that these genes possess central and essential functions and nonsynonymous mutations impacting on the genes function have been removed by purifying selection [ 65].
Most of this function can be removed by tampering with the feedforward, e.g. by ort6 mutation, or the feedback pathways, e.g. by reducing synaptic transmission from L2 cells back to R1 R6 cells.
Furthermore, as the recognition of viral RNA is essential for host defense, the mutations that could affect the function should have been removed by purifying selection and then, only the polymorphisms that are advantageous, i.e. that confer resistance to the pathogen, might have become fixed and are now reflected in the differences between species [ 43].
In that regard, Figure S4C shows that, in cases where a path exists between proteins, a significant number of proteins with identical functions are removed from each other by more than 1 link (42.9%), 2 links (32.2%) and even 3 or more links (26.5%).
The tropospheric refractivity was modeled using the global mapping function (GMF); the first-order ionospheric effects were removed by applying ionosphere-free combinations of both carrier phase and pseudo-range measurements, and the ocean tidal loading effects were corrected using the tidal model FES2004 (Finite element solutions, 2004).
