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It also could be made to function in reverse, to apply precise burn treatment by delivering current instead of detecting it.
In the presence of S° as an electron acceptor or shuttle to Fe(III), P. carbinolicus utilizes hydrogen and formate as electron donors [ 44], which implies that these enzymes also function in reverse to produce NADPH.
The same [FeFe]-hydrogenases that are predicted to produce hydrogen from NADPH should also oxidize hydrogen and reduce NADP; the Nfn complex can function in reverse to exchange two NADPH for one NADH and one Fd2e; and the Rnf complex can function in reverse to produce a second NADH with electrons from Fd2e, pumping fewer protons or sodium ions than can be used to make one ATP.
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High density lipoproteins (HDL) have an antiatherogenic effect reflecting their function in reverse cholesterol transport to the liver and their anti-oxidant properties[6].
In response to this, the Na+-Ca2+ exchanger, which normally facilitates Na+ influx, instead functions in reverse mode to offset the rising levels of Na+ within the axon.
Here we use the PBS escape mutant B2 to demonstrate the capacity of the synthetic tRNAB2 to function in reverse transcription in competition with endogenous tRNAs in fibroblasts and embryonic carcinoma (EC) cells.
Amphetamines cause monoamine transporters to function in reverse, transporting these transmitters into the synapse (Koob and Nestler 1997).
Importantly, increased intracellular sodium concentration, as measured in dystrophic myofibers, can cause sodium-dependent exchangers to function in reverse-mode and thereby lead to a net increase in intracellular calcium levels through NCX and possibly contribute to pathologic effects of MD.
When electron transport function is inhibited, the ATP synthase can function in reverse such that it uses ATP generated by glycolysis to pump protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane, maintaining membrane potential (Appleby et al., 1999).
As P. carbinolicus derives ATP by substrate-level phosphorylation in every mode of growth except when it transfers electrons from hydrogen/formate to S° [ 44], its ATP synthases almost always function in reverse, generating proton or sodium ion gradients by ATP hydrolysis.
Only AMDSBA4 is predicted to have this complex, and it would be interesting to know if it functions in reverse electron transport as in the Gram-negative iron oxidizers.
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