In this study, we demonstrate that these two c-di-GMP control modules function in a cascade, with YciR acting as a bi-functional trigger enzyme (Commichau and Stülke, 2008) that connects modules I and II.
As part of the ubiquitin targeting process E3s function in a cascade that has immediately upstream of it an E2 ubiquitin conjugating enzyme, WWP-1 had previously been found to interact with a specific E2 ubiquitin conjugating enzyme known as UBC-18 [ 3].
To further examine whether LHX6 and SATB1 function in a common cascade, we overexpressed combinations of control (RFP-only), pSATB1-RFP and pLHX6-RFP expression vectors in the MGE of E14.5 mouse embryos and immunostained for SST following 7 days coculture with P0 cortical feeder layers.
Either kinase functions sequentially in a cascade, or alternatively they can function together as heterodimers to activate the downstream signaling pathways.
Direct orthologs of these and other core Hippo signaling components are found in mammals and they have been shown to function in an analogous kinase cascade to inhibit the activity of Yap and Taz, transcriptional co-activators orthologous to Drosophila yorkie.
Due to the way the fading functions are configured in a cascade, an implementation of the scheme into an FPGA circuit is promising from a practical viewpoint.
Our suggestion that several MAPK cascades function in a linear signaling pathway in the induction of cell death raises a concern about their roles in plant defense responses.
To address whether Tcf7l2 might function in a canonical Wnt/Axin1/β-catenin signaling cascade during establishment of habenular asymmetry, we addressed the epistatic relationship between mutations in axin1 and tcf7l2.
Caspases often function in cascades, where an upstream caspase is activated by its interaction with a caspase adaptor [ 56, 57].
Longevity was extended when olfactory signaling was suppressed in Or83b-expressing neurons through the disruption of G-protein signaling [72], and it was speculated that G-protein function in an odor-induced signaling cascade in sensory neurons influences life span [72].
