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Next to each home-made refinery are pits full of bitumen which is sold to road construction companies.
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Nearly three-quarters of the total world endowment of bitumen is estimated to occur in the Athabasca region of Alberta, Canada.
Andrew J. Leach, a business professor at the University of Alberta in Edmonton, said that to keep large plants running at full capacity to separate that oil and upgrade it into synthetic crude, Suncor buys substantial volumes of bitumen from Petro-Canada.
Only 8-16% of the material takes the form of bitumen, the desirable, energy-rich bit.
It's actually a filthy mixture of bitumen, sand, heavy metals and toxic organic chemicals.
After around 20 years, give or take, the top layer of bitumen oxidises and becomes brittle.
The cheapest black varnish is Brunswick black, a solution of bitumen in white spirit.
It takes over a tonne of bitumen to make one useful barrel of oil.
To stop potholes forming, it seems, you have to remove and replace the top layer of bitumen before it degrades.
"It just seems rather insane to consider putting this amount of bitumen in a community of people".
Asphalt is a mixture of bitumen and stone, and concrete is a mixture of cement and stone.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com