Open image in new window Fig. 3 Three radiographs needed for the assessment and planning for a pelvic support osteotomy: a a standing full length view of both lower limbs; b AP view of the pelvis with leg in full abduction to reveal an adduction contracture if present; c AP view of the pelvis with leg in full adduction.
Second, the distal soft cuticle of maxilliped 2 of a crab is distorted at full abduction but returns to its natural shape at its resting position of full adduction.
In crayfish, the resting position of a flagellum, when there is no contraction by the abductor muscle, was mid way between full abduction and adduction at an angle of about 110°.
The position of deep flexion, full abduction and internal rotation where labral impingements were recorded in this study correlate well with those measured in ballet dancers with normal hip anatomy and normal passive range of hip movement during extreme dancing positions.
As the flagellum was forcibly abducted through increasingly greater angles the strips were progressively bent so that at full abduction they were bent at right angles to the bottom edge of the exopodite.
Contraction of the abductor muscle causes these strips to straighten at full abduction.
Each patient had a 3-dimensional CAT scan of the thoracic outlet with attention to clavicular rotation, with the arm initially dependent and then in full abduction.
These corresponded to all combinations of three hand positions and three shoulder abduction angles: the hand positions were (1) as near and (2) as far as possible from the sternum, and (3) midway in between; the shoulder abduction angles were (1) full abduction (∼80°, keeping the forearm horizontal), (2) the arm nearly touching the trunk (∼20°), and (3) midway between (∼45°).
In crabs, the resting position was almost fully adducted, so that the base of a flagellum lay against the medial surface of its exopodite, but in crayfish the resting position was midway between full adduction and full abduction.
Contraction of the abductor muscle then bends the resilin into almost a right angle at full abduction, but it then resumes its natural shape during the recoil during adduction.
