The main global warming gas, carbon dioxide, is emitted at each step of the nuclear fuel chain, from uranium mining, milling, enrichment, fuel fabrication, construction of the reactor, transportation and storage of radioactive waste, and decommissioning of old reactors.
The most common accusation levelled at opponents of the nuclear fuel chain is that our arguments are "emotional", or that we're trying to silence rational debate through unspecified means.
Almost anything is possible if you hurl enough money at it, but because the thorium fuel chain is not as intrinsically tied to nuclear weapons production as uranium technology, the technology has never benefitted from the impossibly deep pockets of the weapons developers.
Often, these data include both the fuel chain and the operation of cars (e.g., [22]).
Starting from scientific findings, it is possible to derive guidelines about the best practices to adopt in order to reduce environmental impacts along the whole wood fuel chain.
However, we calculated the direct CO2 emissions due to fuel combustion (including fuel chain emissions) as well as indirect CO2 emissions due to consumption of the German grid electricity (for details, see explanatory notes in Figure 2).
Suitable points of regulation are up- and midstream in the fuel chain to ensure effectiveness (cover all emissions and avoid double-counting), efficiency (incentivize all abatement options) and low transaction costs.
Therefore, the trio of oxidative stress-hypoxia autophagy may represent a self-fueling chain reaction of events, which accelerates AMD progression.
The emission factors are defined as emission per fuel energy of the fuel chain considered.
The peat fuel chain (cultivated peatland afforestation) based on the use of peat from agricultural peatland has a peculiar behavior.
RRFC equals the AGWP integrated over the surface area of the Earth and divided by the fuel produced in the fuel chain considered.
