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Data sources for the second essential dataset on risk factor exposure can use standard adapted survey instruments for each risk factor (smoking, nutrition, high blood pressure, obesity, HIV sero-status, solid fuel smoke exposure, etc).
A gunmetal exhalation of coal and fuel smoke blankets China almost daily, extending out across the sea toward the Korean Peninsula, Japan and beyond.
A causal relationship between exposure to biomass fuel smoke and TB is biologically plausible.
Current evidence suggests improved stove interventions can reduce exposure to HAP resulting from solid fuel smoke.
A secondary objective was to identify chronic vs. acute changes in cardiopulmonary markers associated with exposure to biomass fuel smoke.
Interference of biomass fuel smoke was eliminated by choosing subjects who did not use that as household cooking fuel.
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The primary variables considered are: pool diameter, heat of gasification, flame sootiness as characterized by the inverse of the fuel smoke-point flame height, and, to a lesser extent, absorption of flame radiation by the fuel vapors just above the liquid surface.
The fifth study, conducted in South India by Shetty et al. (2006), also found no association of cooking-fuel smoke with TB, but they did find an association between TB and not having a separate kitchen.
Six previous epidemiologic studies have investigated whether an association exists between TB and exposure to cooking-fuel smoke (Crampin et al. 2004; Gupta et al. 1997; Kolappan and Subramani 2009; Mishra et al. 1999; Padilla et al. 2001; Shetty et al. 2006).
The first study to find an association between exposure to cooking-fuel smoke and TB presented limited data on potential confounding factors, and the risk model was adjusted only for age, which left open the possibility of confounding by socioeconomic factors or smoking (Gupta et al. 1997).
Diesel fuel, cigarette smoke, detergents and pesticides all contain heavy molecules in the same range.
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