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However a direct comparison between the study of Franzosa et al. and our approach is difficult since we utilized a snap frozen control as a reference, while Franzosa et al. used frozen samples that were stored on ice for up to 24 h before freezing.
One hundred mg of frozen control, herbivore damaged, and mechanically damaged leaves were ground in liquid nitrogen with mortar and pestle.
Consequently we obtained 97-98 % mRNA for the snap frozen control samples.
Samples could be separated based on the conservation method used: RNA Later, RNA Protect and snap frozen control samples each formed a distinct cluster.
Snap frozen control liver samples from 5 donors were provided by the Edinburgh Sudden Death Brain and Tissue Bank with ethical approval to be used as described (East of Scotland Research Ethics Service, Reference: LR/11/ES/0022).
Blanks containing 50 μl of diluted extender and 50 μl of PI were analyzed separately for every experiment in 4 replicates; the incubation time was 8 min. The percentage of fluorescence was calculated from the ratio of fluorescence intensities of the rapidly frozen control sample and the sample to be analyzed, after comparing with the blank values [ 22].
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With frozen controls, Streett was unable to reduce altitude or to turn off the engine until some twenty minutes later when it ran out of fuel, after which he piloted the fragile experimental biplane down in a gentle glide and made a deadstick landing.
Samples stored in RNA Protect were less well correlated with each other, but more similar to the snap frozen controls.
The fraction of remaining rRNA was between 8 and 16 % and thus significantly higher than for the snap frozen controls (1 – 2 %), but stable for 144 h both at RT and at 4 °C.
However, our data indicate that RNA Later introduces a bias which is then maintained throughout storage, while RNA Protect conserved samples are initially more similar to the snap frozen controls.
There are daunting technical challenges such as controlling the jacking precision of the long pipe roof group, guaranteeing the precise thickness of long horizontal soil freezing, controlling the ground surface deformation of the underground excavation section, etc.
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