See also frost; precipitation.
Climate variables included monthly, seasonal, and annual variables for precipitation and mean, minimum, and maximum temperature, as well as other derived variables related to chilling and growing degree days, aridity, frost, precipitation as snow, and extreme temperatures over 30 years.
Meteorological preconditions, such as an above-average duration of winter with frost and abnormal precipitation rates in April and May 2013, led to oversaturated soils in large parts of Germany, reducing the infiltration of water (Schröter et al. 2013).
Climatic geomorphology can be defined as the discipline that identifies climatic factors such as the intensity, frequency and duration of precipitation, frost intensity, direction and power of wind, and it explains the development of landscapes under different climatic conditions.
The first source was the CRU05 climatology product (Climatic Research Unit, University of East Anglia: [38]) which provides monthly averages for many climate variables including temperature, precipitation, frost frequency, vapour pressure, cloud cover and wind speed (monthly average refers to the average over the period 1961 1990).
Additional derived variables included degree day indices, frost free days, precipitation as snow, 30-year minimum and maximum temperature extremes, and evaporative demand indices.
In order to improve the frost resistance of the precipitation membrane, sodium methyl silicate was added as hydrophobic agent.
Because of this complex life cycle, several climatic factors including temperature, precipitation, soil, frost and wind speed may have either a direct impact on larval/adult survival, or a more indirect impact on fitness through host plant quality, and represent therefore potential selective forces acting on the pine weevil genome at a large geographical scale.
While temperate forests are distinguished by a moderate climate with a growing season of 140 200 days during 4 6 frost-free months and precipitation (75 150 cm) that is distributed evenly throughout the year, the climate of boreal forest is characterized by short, moist, and moderately warm summers and long, cold, and dry winters.
Its desert climate is characterized by extreme variation in daily temperature, with frequent winter frosts, and an average annual precipitation of 2 to 6 inches (50 to 150 mm).
The climatic data were month-by-month averages for the period 1921-1940 for near-surface mean, minimum and maximum temperatures, diurnal temperature range, precipitation, wet day frequency, frost day, vapour pressure and cloud cover, collated from the CRU TS 2.1 Global Climate Database [ 36].
