Adults with ADHD have a lower brain activation of error processing over the right inferior frontal lobe adjacent to the insula than control individuals.
Therefore, on the basis of "prion-like" or network-based propagation [ 14, 23– 25], the involvement of specific frontal areas adjacent to or functional linked with motor cortex in different hemisphere could be associated with divergent clinical profiles.
The vAI connectivity analysis revealed correlations with much of the insula and adjacent frontal and temporal opercula, as well as nearby inferior frontal gyrus (IFG).
We found voxels in the anterior Insula and adjacent frontal operculum to be involved in all three modalities of disgust, suggesting that simulation in the context of social perception and mental imagery of disgust share a common neural substrates.
Our IFO ROI involved in all three modalities includes anterior aspects of the insula and the adjacent frontal operculum, where the postmortem cytoarchitectonic analysis of 5 human brains observed a dysgranular cytoarchitecture [42], probably corresponding to the dysgranular zone of the frontal operculum/insula [43].
The observation of simple finger movements [28], [29], object directed actions [30], [31], pantomimes [32], [33] and meaningful hand signs [34], [35] appears to recruit a fronto-parietal network involving the posterior inferior frontal gyrus and adjacent ventral premotor cortex, as well as the inferior parietal lobule.
Neuroimaging studies have shown that while individuals view or become aware of the delight [17], pain [18] [21] or disgust [17], [22], [23] of others, they activate the anterior insula and adjacent frontal operculum (IFO) that reacts to experience of similar emotions and is modulated by empathic tendencies.
The tip of a scalpel blade number 11 was inserted into the window at an angle of 90° to the fronto-occipital axis of the brain, and the tissue at the distal portion of the olfactory bulb and the adjacent frontal cortex was transected (figure 1A, B).
Several arguments seem to support a role in comprehension of left inferior frontal cortex and adjacent articulatory motor systems.
The surgical treatment consisted of a subtotal resection of the lesion in the right frontal lobe, the adjacent dura, the invaded part of the eye lid and the eroded frontal bone.
