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Pushing margin, defined here as a continuous front of cells observed in >50% of the tumour circumference and scored as: (1) yes and (2) no.
Instead, the only mechanisms required to produce a directionally migrating wave front of cells are a proliferating cell population, a limited "carrying capacity" of the local microenvironment, and random motility of ENCDCs.
The width of the cell-free zone was then measured at 0, 4, 8 and 24 h after cytokine or peptide addition using Openlab v3.0.2, image analysis software (Improvision, Coventry, UK) and the migrating front of cells was calculated accordingly as a measure of migration speed.
Specifically, we show that the short-lived actin-rich filopodia formed at the front of cells migrating within a Cxcl12a gradient are essential for conferring polar pH distribution and Rac1 activity in response to the guidance cue, thus facilitating effective cell polarization and advance in the correct direction.
In the current version of the paper this point i.e., the fact that actin-rich filopodia that show higher dynamics and higher actin content are formed at the front of cells migrating within a Cxcl12a gradient, is now mentioned at the end of the Introduction.
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They cluster, sighing, noses pressed against the glass, in front of cell-phone stores.
Under mechanical stretch the migration directionality index of SMCs is 46.3% more than those cells without external stretch; the dynamic direction of cell protrusion is aligned to that of the mechanical force; SMCs showed directional matrix remodeling and the alignment index calculated from the matrix in front of cell protrusions is about 3 fold of that adjacent to cell bodies.
The waves were associated with developmental events, sweeping in front of cell differentiation as visualized by the appearance of root hairs on epidermal cells.
The mesenchymal cells are at the front of cell research today which differentiate in vitro and in vivo to multiple lineages including fibroblasts, adipocytes, cartilage, myogenic, and osteogenic cells [ 1- 7].
Quantification of cell motility by measuring the distance between the invading fronts of cells in three random selected microscopic fields (200×) for each condition and time point (0, 18 h).
The chosen non-null initial conditions for the naive tumour and immune cells represent a front of tumour cells encountering a front of CTLs, resulting in the formation of CTL-tumour cell complexes.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com