DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.04875.002 Biological oscillators demand dynamical interactions between multiple components and have evolved many times to drive various behaviors, from heartbeats, on the timescale of seconds, to circadian clocks and seasonal clocks, on the time scale of days and years.
Additionally, stable cross-links form slowly in vivo from labile intermediates, on the timescale of weeks [59].
We can understand this result from the fact that the timescale of population-size fluctuations is so fast that all but the most strongly selected alleles still fall within the weak selection limit, described by the harmonic mean effective population size.
Considering the growth rate of plagioclase in previous decompression-crystallisation experiments (~10−11 m/s in a rhyolitic melt at 900 °C and 50 MPa after rapid decompression from 125 MPa38,39), we estimate that the timescale of rim growth is more than a few tens of days.
Such instability is not surprising given the strenuous operating environment to which these columns are subjected, including the large number (thousands per day) of fast and large pressure pulses resulting from interface valve switches (on the timescale of tens of milliseconds) associated with very fast second dimension separations.
In summary, the slow-switching model in which genes switch from OFF to ON on the timescale of hours seems to generate the large observed variability naturally, because of the long times between opening and closing events, resulting in relatively rare bursts of mRNA production [15], [17], [23], [39], [40].
For the example of bubble-forming hydrogen peroxide decomposition in an alumina pellet, the dependence of the mean-squared displacement of fluid molecules on spatial direction, observation time and reaction time is presented, and multi-pulse techniques are employed in order to separate molecular displacements from coherent and incoherent motion on the timescale of the experiment.
New bona fide genes, sufficiently different from other genes, generally arise on the timescale of millions of years, regardless of their mechanism of arising.
In this case, the timescale of the perturbation from the outer star onto the inner binary during its periastron passage, is comparable to the dynamical timescale of the inner binary.
The timescale of fluctuations determined from the cross-correlation of the two FRET efficiencies (Txcorr-3color = 0.04 s) is similar to that measured using the two color assay.
