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Confounders can bias results toward or away from the null.
Finally, if p ≈ 1 then there are much fewer transitions than expected from the null model.
The polymorphism observed herein partially arose from the null alleles which occurred at the multiple homoeoloci detected by the markers.
In fact the test is detecting deviation from the null hypothesis assuming heterogeneity of the frequency of the different attributes.
We consider a quantity κ the distance to the origin from the null variety of the Fourier transform of the characteristic function of Ω.
Critical tree deviation values for "significance" can be calculated from the null distribution.
In addition, we distinguished between embryos expressing PTBP1 from the null mutants using immunofluorescence on cryosections.
However, departures from the null hypothesis can result from several different explanations (e.g., population subdivision or population expansion).
Consistently, the weight of epididymis from the null mice was about 62% of that from the controls (Fig. 1D).
In conclusion, the likelihood is low that the missing values could have biased our results away from the null hypothesis.
For our data, the test statistic, δ = 27.88, was markedly larger than any value from the null bootstrap distribution.
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