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"The undue profits that the companies derived from the collusion may even have artificially slowed down the transition to the more modern products like LCD and plasma displays".
To prove an antitrust violation, any financial harm suffered by private plaintiffs must be traceable to the negative effect on competition from the collusion.
Both companies have had to pay hundreds of millions of dollars in legal settlements, lawyers' fees, and, in Sotheby's case, fines stemming from the collusion.
The most prominent is whether A. Alfred Taubman, Sotheby's former chairman and the company's controlling shareholder, will face an indictment stemming from the collusion, which involved fixing commission rates paid by many customers through much of the 90's.
Infineon has been excluded from the collusion case because of a settlement deal with Rambus reached earlier this year.
While the last two are from the collusion of inside signers or the collusion of an insider signer with a malicious-but-passive KGC.
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Last month, two Chinese pro-democracy activists, Dong Guangping and Jiang Yefei, were forcibly returned from Thailand, with the collusion of the authorities in Bangkok.
The documents are said to contain instructions to him from Sir Anthony regarding the collusion and detailed written accounts by Mr. Davidge back to Sir Anthony after his meetings with Ms. Brooks.
The papers, which offer no proof to back up the accusations, contend that figures including Max M. Fisher, 92, the former vice chairman of Sotheby's, and Daniel P. Davison, a former chairman of the U.S. Trust Company who served as chairman of Christie's in America from 1989 to 1993, had knowledge of the collusion.
So, the collusion problem should be solved from a system view.
Collusion-resistant codes have been specifically designed as a defense against collusion attacks: when codewords from such a code are embedded into the content, the surviving parts of the watermark, after the collusion attack, still contain enough information to identify (some of the) attackers, provided that the coalition is not too large.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com