Most have shifted their production systems from high-volume to high-value, from standardised to customised.
As the world's cities grow and intelligent urban design becomes a global discipline, a vision of this tiny African island's future demonstrates that the concept of a smart city is far from standardised.
We adapted our definition of wound infection from standardised surveillance criteria for defining superficial surgical site infections developed by the Centre for Disease Control's National Nosocomial Infection Surveillance System (box 2).
General profiles of Ghana and Cameroon drawn from standardised data [ 25, 26] are presented in Table 2. Sources: WDI (2009) [ 25], WHS (2009) [ 26] For our review we were interested in two themes: (1) lay knowledge of the major chronic diseases - hypertension, stroke, diabetes, cancers, asthma, sickle-cell disease and their risk factors; and (2) primary and secondary prevention strategies.
"This review only reinforces my beliefs of the public health gains to be achieved from standardised packaging," she said.
They are distinct from standardised derivative contracts, traded at arm's length on exchanges.
At its simplest this means moving away from standardised services, towards a flexible system where people have more control and play a bigger part in their community.
Much of it is about using "nudge" theory to encourage changes in behaviour and to get away from standardised (and ignored) health and safety notices and approaches to building management.
Those for fisheries on the continental shelves were derived from standardised research surveys of large bottom-dwelling fish such as cod, flatfish, skates and rays.
OTC derivatives are tailored bets supplied by specialists, such as investment banks, and distinct from standardised contracts traded at arms-length on an exchange.
