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In this model, the private zones are physically separate from open areas.
The lowest recorded inputs for both autochthonous and allochthonous OM were in sediments from open areas with significant sediment resuspension, including Gonghu Bay, Central and Western Region.
The French Jura red deer showed a significant decrease in their δ13Ccoll values and increase in their δ15Ncoll values in the early Holocene compared to the Late-glacial, which is most likely due to the change in environment from open areas with low pedogenic activity to warm dense forests with increasing soil maturity.
The diversity and evenness values recorded for the study area inside the compound of ORI are also higher than those reported from open areas in Shorobe (H = 2.18 and E = 0.6) and Xobe (H = 1.5 and E = 0.5) (Neelo et al. 2013) and also an exclosed woodland (Island Safari Lodge) (H = 2.16 and E = 0.6) located in close proximity to the present study areas (Neelo et al. 2015) in northern Botswana.
Animals may also benefit from open areas created by fires.
On Guadalcanal, it was reported from open areas and coconut groves.
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Detrended Correspondence Analysis of the plot species lists showed that bird assemblages from open area in forest are not intermediate between forest and agricultural open land, as opposed to external edge habitats.
We conducted field experiments at three exposed forest edges in Flanders and the Netherlands and compared throughfall deposition at steep edges (i.e., edges with an abrupt transition from open area to forest) and at adjacent gradual edges.
For the protection and promotion of biodiversity in forest edges and interiors, forest edge management practices are put forward like the creation of gradual forest edges (i.e., edges with a gradual increase of vegetation height from open area to forest, e.g., by means of a fringe, a belt, and a mantle).
The presence of larger trees in semi-arid African savannas creates sub-habitats, which influences on herbaceous plant communities grown under their canopies differently from opened areas.
Surface soil moistures increased progressively from the open areas (10.8 40.1 g m−3) into the forest understory (16.8 54.7 g m−3).
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