US: from multilateral champion to handicapped donor… and back again?
This has the effect of precluding financial assistance from multilateral bodies such as the World Bank.
The JCPOA, designed to halt the Iranian nuclear program, emerged from multilateral sanctions and negotiations.
One can expect a similar withdrawal from multilateral funding from the world's fourth largest donor, France, after its December elections.
More than $600m£422m2m) in emergency credit from multilateral lenders has also been activated, the government said.
Chapter 4 - Alex Reichwein - Germany's growing power in EUrope: From multilateral collectivism towards re-nationalization and destabilization?
"The smaller developing countries are just never going to get the kind of deal they can get from multilateral negotiations," says Dhingra.
Economists have long pointed out that the gains from multilateral trade liberalisation are far greater than those from bilateral or regional deals.
After all, unlike its new Russian partner, the consortium needed to secure loans from multilateral institutions and was sensitive to bad publicity.
Yet the country still belongs to the G20 and can borrow from multilateral organisations, and its citizens can visit all of Europe without a visa.
Flows of official funds, mainly money from multilateral institutions like the IMF, increased by more than 50% but could make up only a little of the slack.
