Chang et al. (2007) used a conceptual model to investigate infrastructure failures caused by power outages, resulting from interdependencies.
This could either result from their interdependency (Figure 2B), or from both the gene coding and the gene noncoding sequences having a direct relationship with expression.
However, feasibility constraints originating from the interdependency between lamination parameters must be satisfied to obtain laminates with realistic stiffness properties.
Urban is defined in relation to the capacities and vulnerabilities arising from the interdependencies that characterise highly complex and interlinking social, protection, legal, security and health systems.
Network effects can be either direct network effects, which are the physical effects of being able to exchange information, or indirect network effects, which arise from the interdependencies with other organizations in the use of complementary goods [6, 34, 49].
Network effects can be either direct, which are the physical effects of being able to exchange information, or indirect, which arise from organizational interdependencies in the use of complementary goods [39, 40, 77].
We consider two types of information on mutual dependencies between actors that result from ecological interdependencies in the landscape: information on landscape sites providing multiple benefits to a range of stakeholders, and information on how these benefits depend on coordinated landscape level management.
Our results highlight the intrinsic complexity of cardiomyocyte E-C-coupling, which originates from the interdependencies of regulatory mechanisms involving calcium and the components regulating the membrane excitability.
Also, a change in interdependency from hierarchical towards contractual relationships was required, putting dominant actors (the national government) in an unfamiliar position in which they loosen their grip on infrastructure investments.
As such, the security (or reliability) challenge resulting from the strong interdependency between electric power and gas systems requires a combined optimization and control regime for the coupled energy systems.
