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However, this has long been a challenging endeavour, as insurgency imposes specific limitations on the data that could speak to these interactions: quantitative data is limited by the difficulties of systematic collection in war, while qualitative data may include vague or conflicting insights from direct observers.
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In contrast to other studies, there were no direct observers.
This issue is challenged by the methodological concern of observational sessions by a direct observer.
In addition to sampling from two geographic areas of different composite SES (below), we included direct observer ratings of neighborhoods.
Video documentation and/or direct observation by two observers improves this measurement.
We examined the inter-rater reliability amongst 3 observers from each region of the direct observation component of the instrument (EPOCH I) in 93 rural and urban communities in 5 countries (Canada, Colombia, Brazil, China and India).
Unlike previous failed truces announced by the UN, this one appears to have resulted from direct communications between the Houthis and Saudis, and observers were cautiously optimistic in the following days.
A discontinuous control law associated with the modified sliding surface is designed, prior to formulating a decoupled reduced order observer to estimate velocity state variables which are not available from direct sensor measurements.
Israel refrained from direct retaliation.
But Ms. McKay refrains from direct attacks.
Keep the water away from direct light.
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CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com