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These variants were taken from different steps of an affinity maturation process.
We collected water samples from different steps of the potabilization processes: i) from groundwater (GW), ii) after passage through granular activated carbon filters (CF), and iii) after chlorination (CHL).
The proposed method estimated the total emission from different steps of construction process (raw material production, material transportation and onsite construction) by different project types (e.g. subgrade, pavement, bridge, and tunnels).
Aliquots of known volumes from different steps of the dense granule fraction separation were also obtained and centrifuged at 14000 g for 30 min at 4 °C.
Stafford et al. already suggested from radioactive labelling experiments that upper and lower units arise from different steps of the pathway rather than from the condensation of similar units [ 71].
Fractions from different steps of the purification procedure were run on a denaturing SDS-PAGE gel (Mini-PROTEAN TGX Precast Gels; Bio-Rad), using a transparent sample buffer (250 mM Tris pH 6.8, 20 % glycerol, 2 % SDS, 1 mM DTT).
Genes from different steps in the terpene biosynthetic pathway are found nearby the clusters of E. grandis TPS genes, such as a prenyl transferase on scaffold 11 (Additional file 1: Table S4).
It should be noted that Vmax/ Km includes the bimolecular encounter of substrate and enzyme, up to the first irreversible step (hydrogen atom abstraction), but Vmax includes steps after enzyme substrate complex formation, and therefore, the SIE observed for Vmax and Vmax/ Km could be from the same step or from different steps.
39 There are some indications that variants from different steps of the same biological pathway could contribute similarly to the eventual clinical outcome; 2) The effect size of individual risk loci are usually very modest (odds ratio ∼1.05 1.4), and GWAS can only detect common variants with a minor allele frequency of >0.05.
Lastly another practical application could be in making appropriate decisions surrounding surface type exposure for various activities when returning a player back from injury in different steps of the rehabilitation process.
A crucial part of data processing is normalization, which compensates for differences in pipetting and in the efficiency of different steps from RNA extraction up to loading samples on the sequencer.
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